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  • What is Stock Split and Why Do Companies Split Stocks?

    What is Stock Split and Why Do Companies Split Stocks?

    A stock split is a corporate action in which a company increases the total number of its outstanding shares by dividing existing shares into smaller units. This process makes each individual share more affordable, without changing the overall value of a shareholder’s investment. Although the number of shares changes, the total investment value remains the same. Companies usually go for stock splits to improve market accessibility for small investors and to boost overall trading activity.

    How Does a Share Split Work?

    When a company announces a share split, the number of shares in circulation increases, while the value of each share decreases proportionally. However, the total value of your investment remains unchanged. This makes the stock look more affordable, especially to retail investors. For instance, if you own 1 share worth ₹1000 and the company implements a 2:1 split, you will receive 2 shares priced at ₹500 each. You still own ₹1000 worth of stock, but it’s now divided into more units. This helps improve liquidity and investor participation in the stock. Below is a simple table to better understand a share split:

    Split Ratio Shares Held Price per Share Total Value
    1:2 10 ₹900 ₹9000
    Post-Split (1:2) 20 ₹450 ₹9000
    1:5 10 ₹900 ₹9000
    Post-Split (1:5) 50 ₹180 ₹9000

    This table clearly shows how the total value of your investment remains the same, even though the share count and price per share change.

    Why Do Companies Share Splits?

    Companies often use stock splits as a signal of confidence in their future performance. It also gives an impression of growth, which can positively impact investor sentiment. Many companies do share splits:

    • To make the stock look more affordable for new and small investors
    • To increase the number of shares available for trading in the market
    • To improve overall trading activity and market liquidity
    • To attract a larger and more diverse investor base, especially retail participants

    Common Ratios and Types of Share Split

    Share splits help make stock prices affordable and improve market liquidity. Companies either opt for a forward split, where existing shares multiply and the price per share decreases, or a reverse split, where shares combine and the price per share increases. This does not change the overall market value but adjusts the share count and price balance.

    Split Type Ratio Example Effect on Shares Effect on Price
    Forward Split 2-for-1, 3-for-1, 5-for-1 Shares increase Price per share decreases
    Reverse Split 1-for-2, 1-for-5 Shares decrease Price per share increases

    These common ratios help break down high-value shares into more accessible units, which is particularly appealing to smaller investors.

    Forward vs Reverse Share Split

    A forward stock split raises the number of shares but lowers their price in proportion. A reverse stock split lowers the number of shares but raises the per-share price. Both measures leave the total value of a shareholder’s investment unchanged but influence the share number and per-share price differently.

     

    Reverse/Forward Combo Splits

    In some cases, companies may use a combination of forward and reverse splits to meet specific financial or regulatory goals. They might use this approach to maintain a certain stock price range required by stock exchanges.

    Effects on Investors and Market

    Stock splits affect the investors and the general market in several ways, such as affecting share value perception, trading behaviour, and investor engagement:

    • Shareholders get additional shares, but the value of the investment is not increased
    • A lower share price can attract new investors who were previously priced out
    • Increased interest can lead to higher trading volumes and better liquidity
    • Creates a positive perception of the company’s growth and activity

    Stock splits can also generate media buzz, encouraging more public attention and possibly increasing demand.

    Liquidity and Affordability

    After a split, more shares are available at a lower price, which boosts the liquidity of the stock. For instance, if a stock splits 1:5, the share price goes down, making it more accessible to new buyers. This wider accessibility encourages trading and can help stabilise stock movements.

    To participate in such opportunities, investors first need to open a demat account, as it is mandatory for buying and holding shares in electronic form.

    Findoc’s stock split is 1:2, meaning that each share is divided into two shares, reducing the price per share by half and doubling the number of shares. This makes it more affordable and liquid for trading among investors.

    Impact on Market Cap, EPS, Historical Charts

    The market capitalisation of the company does not change after splitting. But Earnings Per Share (EPS) goes down because profits are split into more shares now. Historical stock charts are also adjusted to reflect the new prices, maintaining a consistent view of the stock’s performance over time.

    By facilitating investments in expanding businesses that frequently conduct stock splits to enhance market involvement, Findoc enables investors to diversify wisely and capitalise on emerging market opportunities.

    Additional Read: Types of Trading in the Stock Market

    Regulatory, Tax & Trading Adjustments

    Certain rules and adjustments are applied during a stock split to ensure smooth trading and compliance without impacting investor taxation, for instance:

    • No taxes are applicable during a stock split, as no actual gains are realised
    • The stock begins trading at the new adjusted price on the ex-split date
    • Exchanges also adjust futures and options contracts and mutual fund NAVs accordingly.

    These adjustments ensure a smooth transition for all investors and preserve the financial integrity of market instruments.

    Key Dates: Record, Ex-Split

    • Record Date: The company uses this date to identify which shareholders are eligible to receive the new split shares
    • Ex-Split Date: This is the first date the stock trades at the adjusted price after the split

    Knowing these dates is important for investors who wish to benefit from an upcoming stock split.

    Adjustments in F&O and Mutual Fund Splits

    F&O contracts are adjusted proportionally when a stock split happens to align with the new share price and lot size so the contract value remains unchanged. Mutual funds also update their Net Asset Value (NAV) and unit holdings so that total investors’ holdings and value remain unchanged.

    Share Splits vs Bonus Shares and Spin-Offs

    Stock splits divide shares into smaller lots, which reduces their cost. Bonus shares are distributed from a company’s profits or reserves. Additionally, spin-offs involve establishing a new company that is independent and distributing its shares to the shareholders. These three actions may seem similar, but differ in purpose, impact, and how they affect shareholders, as shown below:

    Aspect Share Split Bonus Shares Spin-Off
    Purpose Improve liquidity, make shares affordable Reward shareholders from reserves Create a new, independent company
    Shareholder Impact Same ownership, more shares at a lower price More shares, same overall investment Shares of a new company are issued
    Company Value Unchanged Unchanged Divides the value between two companies

    Pros and Cons of Share Splits

    Though share splits have numerous advantages for companies and investors, they also have certain limitations that should be taken into account:

    Pros:

    • Improves trading activity
    • Attracts more investors
    • Enhances share affordability
    • Creates a perception of growth

    Cons:

    • Doesn’t change company fundamentals
    • May lead to short-term volatility
    • Requires system-wide adjustments

    Findoc empowers investors by providing them with access to stocks via simplified investing schemes, such as chances to profit from events like stock splits.

    Also Read More Topics

    Frequently Asked Questions

    A forward stock split increases the number of shares and lowers the price of each share. A reverse stock split reduces the number of shares but increases the price per share. In each instance, the overall value of your investment remains the same.

    In a 2-for-1 stock split, every 1 share you own becomes 2 shares. The price per share is cut in half, but your total investment value stays unchanged. For example, if you had 1 share worth ₹1000, you now have 2 shares worth ₹500 each.

    No, a stock split does not change the market capitalisation. It only changes the number of shares and their individual price. The total value of the company in the stock market stays the same.

    A 1.5 share split means that for every 1 share you own, you will get 1.5 shares. So, if you have 2 shares, you’ll get 3 shares after the split. It’s a way for companies to increase shares without using round numbers.

  • Beginner’s Guide to Share Market Basics in India

    Beginner’s Guide to Share Market Basics in India

    If you’re new to investing and curious about what the stock market really is, think of it as a marketplace where people buy and sell units of companies, called shares. In India, most of this action happens on well-known platforms like the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. By investing in the stock market, you get a chance to become a part-owner of companies you believe in and potentially grow your money as these companies do well.

    How the Stock Market Works

    Knowing how the stock market world can make investing seem much simpler. Below is how it functions:

    Companies List Shares: Businesses sell a portion of their ownership through shares.

    • Investors Buy & Sell: People trade these shares via stock exchanges.
    • Price Changes: The share prices fluctuate according to demand, supply, and the performance of the company.
    • Profits or Losses: Investors earn through rising prices or dividends.

    The following flowchart will give you a better idea of how the process goes:

    Company Growth Plan → Issues Shares via IPO → Shares Listed on Stock Exchange → Investors Buy/Sell Shares → Share Prices Go Up/Down

    Components of the Stock Market (Exchanges, Instruments, Participants)

    There are various components in the stock market that work together to ensure that you can buy and sell smoothly. Some of the key components are:

    Component Description
    Exchanges Platforms like the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) are where shares are listed and traded.
    Instruments It includes stocks, bonds, mutual funds, derivatives, and exchange-traded funds, allowing a wide range of investment and trading.
    Participants Buyers and sellers, including retail investors, institutional investors, brokers, and regulators, ensure smooth market functioning.

    Types of Markets: Primary vs Secondary vs OTC

    Market Type Description
    Primary Market Where new shares are sold for the first time via IPO (Initial Public Offering)
    Secondary Market Where old shares are bought and sold between people (e.g., stock exchanges like NSE)
    OTC (Over-the-Counter) Trading that happens directly between two parties, not on a stock exchange

    Each market plays a unique role in how securities are issued and traded. Together, they ensure companies can raise funds while investors have opportunities to buy, sell, and manage their investments.

    Related Read: What is Online Stock Trading?

    Benefits of the Stock Market

    • Ownership: When you buy shares, you become a part-owner of a company, in turn, having a share in its growth.
    • Earning Potential: When the company performs well, the share has a higher valuation, and you can get profits when it is sold.
    • Dividends: Many companies pay regular dividends, providing a steady income in addition to potential price gains.
    • Liquidity: It is easy to purchase or sell shares and get access to money invested when you need it..
    • Diversification: The share market enables you to invest in various sectors as well as firms, hence minimising risk.
    • Transparency: It is regulated by SEBI, which determines fair trading and investor protection.

    Key Stock Market Terminology Every Beginner Should Know

    By familiarising yourself with the common terms used in the stock market, you can invest more easily. Some of the key terminologies are:

    • Stock: A share in the ownership of a company.
    • Demat Account: An online account to hold shares in digital form.
    • IPO: When a company issues its shares to the public for the very first time..
    • Broker: An individual or company that assists you in buying and selling shares.
    • Bull Market: A time when stock prices are increasing.
    • Bear Market: A time when stock prices are decreasing.
    • Dividend: Money paid to shareholders from company profits.
    • Volatility: How rapidly stock prices increase or decrease.

     

    Also Read: What is a Demat Account?

    How to Start in the Stock Market in India

    1) Open a Demat and Trading Account: This is required to buy and hold shares.

    2) Choose a Broker: Choose one that is SEBI-registered and has a simple platform.

    3) Conduct Research: About the company, its revenues, projected growth, etc.

    4) Start Small: Start with a small number to learn how the market works.

    5) Use Tools to Assist: Most brokers will have price charts, research, news and feeds.

    6) Monitor Your Investment: Check the share price frequently, as well as the company’s performance.

    You can open a free Demat account online with Findoc and get easy-to-use tools, live updates, and expert research, making it ideal for beginners who wish to invest confidently.

    Additional Blogs

    Frequently Asked Questions

    For trading, you must: open an online Demat and trading account with an SEBI registered broker, deposit money in the account, research stocks, and place the buy/sell orders online via the broker’s website.

    Both are a way to refer to a portion of ownership in a company. “Stock” is the general concept, “shares” is a more specific way to define units of stock. For example, you may have purchased 10 shares of stock from Reliance.

    Equity is another term for shares. When you buy equities, you are purchasing part of the company, which means you could benefit from increased value and profitability of the company.

    Yes, you can invest through the internet with various trading applications and websites. Just open a Demat account, link it to your bank account, and you can invest from any location.

    There are two general types of stock: common stock (which offers voting power and dividends) and preferred stock (which offers preference for dividends but does not have voting power).

    The 5% rule is to put no more than 5% of your money into a single stock. It reduces risk and allows for diversification.

  • What is Muhurat Trading? Meaning, Date and Timing in 2025

    What is Muhurat Trading? Meaning, Date and Timing in 2025

    Muhurat Trading is a special stock market session that happens once a year on Diwali evening. The word “Muhurat” means auspicious time. Investors and traders believe that buying or selling stocks during this time brings good luck and wealth for the new year.

    Even though the stock market is closed for Diwali, exchanges like the National Stock Exchange (NSE)andBombay Stock Exchange (BSE) open for one hour in the evening for Muhurat Trading. For many, it is more about starting the new financial year with positive energy and blessings, rather than chasing profits. It symbolises wealth creation and new beginnings.

    Muhurat Trading 2025 Date and Time

    Muhurat Trading for the year 2025 will be held on Tuesday, October 21, during Laxmi Pujan, one of the most auspicious occasions of Diwali. Both NSE and BSE will conduct this special one-hour session in the evening. Here’s the detailed schedule:

    Session Type Timing
    Pre-Open Session 1:30 PM – 1:45 PM
    Muhurat Trading 1:45 PM to 2:45 PM
    Closing Session 2:55 PM – 3:05 PM

    This symbolic trading session is seen as a way to welcome wealth and prosperity in the new financial year.

    Importance of Muhurat Trading in Indian Stock Markets

    Muhurat Trading holds deep cultural and emotional significance in India. It is more than just a trading session; it marks the beginning of a new financial year with hope, positivity, and blessings. Many investors use this opportunity to buy shares for long-term holding, gift stocks to loved ones, or begin fresh financial planning. Performing Laxmi Pujan, praying for wealth and prosperity, is a common ritual during this time. Stockbrokers often light diyas and wear traditional attire, creating a festive atmosphere. For many, Muhurat Trading is a symbolic act of ushering in good fortune and successful investing.

    Cultural & Astrological Significance of Muhurat Trading

    In Hindu tradition, Diwali signifies the beginning of a new financial year, especially for business communities. It is believed that Goddess Laxmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, blesses wealth-related activities during this time. The Muhurat, or auspicious hour, is carefully chosen based on astrological calculations to ensure success and good fortune. Investors and traders participate in Muhurat Trading, even with a small transaction, as a ritual to invite prosperity and positive financial energy for the year ahead.

    Benefits of Muhurat Trading

    Muhurat Trading offers more than just market participation; it blends financial discipline with cultural tradition. Here are some of the key benefits:

    • Auspicious Start: Offers a spiritually and culturally positive way to begin the new financial year.
    • Token Investment: Encourages disciplined investing by making small, meaningful purchases.
    • Long-Term Goals: Investors often choose quality stocks with the intention of holding them long term.
    • Festive Feel: Blends finance with festivity, allowing families to participate in market traditions together.
    • Positive Sentiment: The overall mood is optimistic, reflecting collective hopes for wealth and prosperity.

    These unique aspects make Muhurat Trading a memorable and meaningful experience for investors each year.

    Popular Stocks to Watch During Muhurat Trading 2025

    Here are some popular stock categories to consider during Muhurat Trading 2025, based on past investor preferences and market trends:

    • Blue-Chip Companies: Trusted names like TCS, HDFC Bank, and Reliance are often favoured for long-term stability.
    • Banking & Finance Stocks: Banks and NBFCs are seen as growth enablers in India’s economy.
    • Infrastructure & Power Stocks: Companies in this sector benefit from government spending and reforms.
    • IT Sector Stocks: A preferred choice for global exposure and tech-driven growth.
    • FMCG Companies: Brands like HUL and Nestlé offer consistent returns and low volatility.

    Findoc offers real-time insights and stock recommendations to help you make smart investment choices during this festive season. Additionally, you can easily open a demat account with Findoc to start your investment journey.

    Muhurat Trading Strategies for Beginners

    Here are some beginner-friendly strategies to make the most of Muhurat Trading:

    • Do Your Research: Choose fundamentally strong companies with consistent performance.
    • Keep It Simple: Start with a small, symbolic investment to gain experience.
    • Think Long Term: Focus on stocks you can hold for years, not quick trades.
    • Plan Ahead: Prepare and place your orders early to avoid a last-minute rush.
    • Take Advice: Consult your broker or advisor if you’re unsure where to begin.

    These simple steps can help you start your investment journey on a positive and informed note.

    Things to Avoid During Muhurat Trading

    While Muhurat Trading is festive and symbolic, it’s still important to stay mindful and disciplined. Here are a few things to avoid:

    • Avoid Buying Just Because It’s Trending: Choose stocks with strong fundamentals, not hype.
    • Don’t Follow Unverified Tips: Always cross-check tips or advice before acting on them.
    • Don’t Overinvest: Stick to your budget and risk appetite.
    • Avoid Panic Moves: Remember, this session is more about tradition than aggressive trading.

    By avoiding these mistakes, you can enjoy a more meaningful and mindful trading experience.

    How to Participate in Muhurat Trading?

    Participating in Muhurat Trading is easy if you already have a Demat and trading account. Here’s how to join:

    1. Check the Muhurat timing with your broker.
    2. Log in to your trading account before the session starts.
    3. Do your research and decide what you want to buy or sell.
    4. Place your order during the 1:45 PM to 2:45 PM window.
    5. Confirm the trade and check your account after it settles.

    Even if you’re not an active trader, this is a great time to start investing in the stock market with small steps.

    FAQs

    Muhurat Trading is a special one-hour stock market session held on Diwali evening. It is done to mark the beginning of the Hindu New Year and is believed to bring good luck and prosperity. Investors make small, symbolic investments to seek blessings from Goddess Laxmi, the deity of wealth.

    Muhurat Trading 2025 is scheduled for Tuesday, October 21, 2025. The main trading session will be held between 6:15 PM and 7:15 PM. There are also short sessions before and after for block deals, pre-open, call auction, and closing activities.

    Muhurat Trading is more about tradition and symbolism than quick profits. While some stocks may rise due to festive sentiment, investors mainly use this session to make long-term investments. It’s best not to expect instant profits from this one-hour session.

    Yes, beginners can invest during Muhurat Trading. It’s a great time to start with small, symbolic investments in strong companies, learn market basics, and begin one’s financial journey positively.

    Muhurat Trading is a one-hour special session held on Diwali, marked by cultural significance and symbolic investing, unlike regular trading which follows normal hours and is purely profit-focused.

  • What is a Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA)? Roles & Services

    What is a Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA)? Roles & Services

    A Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA) is a specialised organisation that helps companies and mutual fund houses manage their investor data. RTAs issue and transfer securities, like shares or mutual fund units, and maintain up-to-date records of investors. They also handle customer service and process corporate actions. RTAs act as a link between the investors and the company.

    Why RTAs Are Essential in Financial Markets

    Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) are essential for ensuring smooth operations in financial markets. They act as a link between investors, companies, and mutual funds, simplifying many processes.

    • They reduce the workload on companies and mutual funds.
    • They keep investor records safe and updated.
    • They make investing and withdrawing easier for investors.
    • They ensure timely payments like dividends.

    Roles & Responsibilities of a Registrar and Transfer Agent

    Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) handle multiple tasks that keep financial markets running efficiently. Their roles go beyond just record-keeping, covering everything from security issuance to investor support.

    Role Description
    Issuance & Transfer Help companies issue new securities and manage the buying/selling of stocks or mutual funds
    Maintain Investor Records Store investor names, contact info, and investment details
    Corporate Actions Ensure timely dividend payouts, bonuses, splits, and other actions
    Investor Support Handle queries, complaints, and service requests from investors

    1. Issuance & Transfer of Securities

    RTAs help process IPOs and mutual fund investments. They check if investors are eligible and update records when shares are bought or sold.

    2. Maintenance of Investor Records

    RTAs keep a record of who owns how many shares or mutual fund units, along with names, addresses, and contact details.

    3. Dividend, Corporate Actions & Claim Processing

    They help with timely dividend distribution, manage share buybacks, and update investor details during events such as mergers or splits.

    Services Provided by RTAs to AMCs

    RTAs also support Asset Management Companies (AMCs) by handling critical back-office and investor-related tasks that ensure smooth mutual fund operations.

    Service Explanation
    SIP/SWP Processing Manage regular investment and withdrawal plans
    NAV Calculation Help mutual funds calculate the daily unit value
    Sales & Marketing Support distributors and campaigns for fund promotion
    Accounting Keep transaction and expense records
    KYC Verify investor identity

    Related Blog: What is SIP – Systematic Investment Plan?

    Services Provided by RTAs to Investors

    For investors, RTAs act as a single point of contact, offering various services that make investing and account management easier.

    Service Explanation
    Buy/Sell Requests Help investors invest in or withdraw from mutual funds
    Statements Provide CAS, capital gain, and transaction summaries
    Account Updates Support changes in nominee, bank, or contact details
    Demat/Remat Convert mutual fund units to and from demat form

    Best Registrar and Transfer Agents in India

    India has several well-known Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) that provide reliable services to both companies and investors. Here are some of the best RTAs in the country:

    RTA Known For
    CAMS Servicing leading mutual funds with advanced digital services
    KFin Technologies Offers RTA services to mutual funds and listed companies
    Link Intime Handles IPO services and investor data
    Bigshare Services Focuses on investor services for smaller companies

    Findoc also offers seamless Demat account opening and investor support solutions. This makes it easier for clients to access capital markets and manage investments efficiently.

    Regulatory & SEBI Compliance Norms for RTAs

    Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) operate under strict regulatory guidelines to ensure transparency and investor protection. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has laid down specific compliance norms that RTAs must follow:

    • Mandatory Registration: RTAs must be registered with SEBI before offering their services.
    • Investor Protection Rules: They must comply with SEBI’s investor-centric regulations.
    • Data Confidentiality: Investor information must be kept secure and confidential.
    • Grievance Redressal: Investor complaints must be addressed quickly and effectively.

    SEBI Investor Charter and Timelines

    • Complaints must be resolved within 30 days
    • Dividends must be credited within 30 days of declaration
    • Demat transactions must be updated in 2 days

    MITRA: Tracking Inactive or Unclaimed Folios

    MITRA is a tool that helps investors find old or forgotten mutual fund investments using details like PAN or email ID. It is helpful when investors lose track of where they invested.

    Technology Trends: Digital Portals & Certification in RTA Functions

    RTAs now offer online services where investors can update information, download statements, or file complaints easily. These digital tools make investing more convenient.

    NISM Certification for RTA Professionals

    • NISM offers certification exams for RTA staff
    • Certified staff are trained in compliance, transactions, and grievance handling
    • Helps maintain industry quality and service standards

    Findoc’s digital platform further enhances investor convenience by enabling easy portfolio tracking and faster service requests. This ensures an efficient and hassle-free investment experience.

    RTAs vs In-House Registrars: A Comparison

    Companies can either outsource their record-keeping to Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) or manage it internally through an in-house registrar. Here’s how the two approaches compare:

    Feature RTA In-House Registrar
    Cost More cost-effective Higher maintenance cost
    Expertise Trained professionals Limited internal know-how
    SEBI Compliance Strictly followed Needs ongoing updates
    Scalability Handles large volumes Challenging for large data

    Mutual Fund Calculator

    SIP Calculator
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    Mutual Fund Return Calculator

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    Registrar agents primarily maintain investor records and process corporate actions, while transfer agents handle the actual transfer of securities. In India, both functions are often combined and managed by RTAs.

    RTAs help investors with buy/sell requests, statements, account updates, and demat services. For AMCs, they manage SIP/SWP processing, NAV calculation, marketing support, accounting, and investor KYC verification.

    You can update your bank or contact details with your RTA by submitting a written request or online form, along with valid ID and supporting documents for verification..

    The mutual fund house or company appoints the RTA to manage investor services. The fund house or company pays the fees, not the investors. For you, as an investor, most services are free.

    Issues such as incorrect details, delayed updates, or missing statements can happen. To fix them, contact the RTA directly via phone, email, or their website. If not resolved, you can file a complaint with SEBI through the SCORES portal.

  • What Is the India Volatility Index and How Is It Calculated?

    What Is the India Volatility Index and How Is It Calculated?

    India Volatility Index reflects the amount that traders believe the stock market will fluctuate in the coming 30 days. It is based on NIFTY index option prices and is used to check market uncertainty. A high India VIX means traders expect big price changes, usually due to uncertain market conditions. A low India VIX means the market is calm and stable. It is commonly referred to as the “fear index” since it reflects how anxious or optimistic investors are. India VIX assists investors and traders in comprehending market risk and making better trade plans.

    What Is India VIX Index?

    India VIX Index is a special index that measures the “volatility” or expected movement in the NIFTY VIX, but it doesn’t predict whether prices will go up or down. A higher value signals nervousness or uncertainty in the market, while a lower value suggests stability and confidence.

    • High Value: Indicates big price swings due to fear or uncertainty.
    • Low Value: Suggests calm conditions with fewer price changes.
    • Helps in Risk Planning: It is Useful for traders and investors to decide on strategies.
    • Short-Term Focus: Represents expectations only for the next 30 days.

    How Is India VIX Calculated?

    The India VIX is calculated using a special formula to show how much market movement is expected in the next 30 days, expressed as an annual percentage. It uses option prices and the Black-Scholes Model to find implied volatility.

    Below is the formula to calculate India VIX:

    India VIX = 100 × √((Sum [Weighted Implied Volatility Squared]) / Total Weight)

    Element Description
    Weighted IV² Squared implied volatilities, each weighted for relevance
    Total Weight Total of all the weights used for calculation.
    Result Gives the expected annual volatility of the NIFTY for the next 30 days.

    This formula is based on the global VIX method but adapted for Indian NIFTY options.

    Interpreting India VIX Levels (Low, Medium, High)

    Understanding VIX levels helps you know how much the market may move.

    VIX Level What It Indicates
    Low (Below 15) The market is calm with less price movement expecteds
    Medium (15 to 25) Normal volatility, typical for most trading sessions
    High (Above 25) Traders are cautious or fearful, expecting big price swings
    • High VIX = More risk and price swings
    • Low VIX = More stability, less movement

    History & Evolution of India VIX

    India VIX was launched in 2008 by the National Stock Exchange (NSE) to help traders and investors understand how much the market prices might move. It was inspired by the U.S.-based CBOE VIX, also called the “fear index.” India VIX uses NIFTY options data to predict how much the market could move in the next 30 days. Over time, it became popular as a way to see market fear or confidence during events like elections, global problems, or financial crises. Today, India VIX is an important tool that helps investors manage risks and plan their trading strategies more easily and clearly.

    Significance of India VIX for Traders and Investors

    India VIX is an important tool for traders and investors because it helps them understand the market conditions and plan their strategies better. It works as an early signal of possible price changes.

    • Measures Market Fear or Confidence: A high VIX means more uncertainty, while a low VIX shows stability.
    • Helps in Risk Management: Traders can adjust their positions when market volatility is expected to rise.
    • Supports Option Pricing: Useful for options traders to price contracts more accurately.
    • Assists in Hedging Decisions: Investors use VIX trends to protect their portfolios.
    • Gives Clarity During Events: Important during elections, budgets, or global news that may impact markets.
    • Guides Long and Short-Term Strategies: Helps in planning trades effectively.

    How to Use India VIX in Trading & Risk Management

    • Track India VIX daily: It helps in understanding the market mood.
    • Adjust position size: Reduce exposure when VIX is high.
    • Options strategies: Use VIX to decide when to buy or sell options.
    • Hedging risk: During high VIX, investors may use put options to protect investments.
    • Avoid overtrading: High VIX often leads to sharp price swings.
    • Set wider stop losses: In high-VIX conditions, give trades more room.

    Findoc offers real-time access to India VIX, helping traders stay updated and manage their risks better.

    India VIX vs CBOE VIX: Global Comparisons

    India VIX and CBOE VIX are both volatility indexes, but are used in different markets. While India VIX is linked to NIFTY 50 options, CBOE VIX is linked to the S&P 500 index in the U.S. These indexes help traders understand market mood and possible price changes.

    Feature India VIX CBOE VIX (US)
    Market Tracked NIFTY 50 (India) S&P 500 Index (USA)
    Volatility Range Typically 15–35 Typically 10–30
    Usage Indian stock & options traders Global risk indicator
    Purpose Shows the expected NIFTY volatility index Shows expected S&P 500 volatility
    Calculation Based on NIFTY options & Black-Scholes Model Based on S&P 500 options & similar model

    India VIX Derivatives: Futures, Options & ETFs

    Apart from using India VIX as an indicator, traders also have access to financial products that let them trade directly on volatility expectations. Some popular instruments include:

    • VIX Futures: Trade on expected future volatility levels
    • VIX Options: Options contracts based on VIX movement
    • VIX ETFs (abroad): Funds that follow volatility indices.

    These tools help advanced traders bet on volatility without needing to guess the market direction.

    Conclusion

    India VIX is a smart way to measure market risk and confidence. Whether you’re a short-term trader or a long-term investor, understanding India VIX helps you make informed decisions. It doesn’t tell you the market’s direction, but it warns you how much prices might move. That alone can make a big difference when planning your trades or managing your portfolio.

    Read Other Interested Blog:

    Frequently Asked Questions

    A “good” VIX level depends on your view. Usually, a level below 20 indicates a stable market and above 25 implies high uncertainty or fear among traders.

    You can trade VIX futures on NSE using your trading account, similar to other derivatives. It requires margin money and understanding of volatility strategies, not direct stock price movement.

    VIX cannot predict crashes directly, but rising VIX often signals growing fear or uncertainty. A sudden spike can indicate higher chances of big price swings, including market declines.

    You can check the live India VIX value on the NSE website, your broker’s trading platform, or financial news apps that show real-time market data and volatility levels.

    Yes, VIX helps everyday traders understand market sentiment and risk. It doesn’t show which way the market will move, but signals how volatile it may be in the short term.

  • Tax Collected at Source (TCS): Meaning, Rates and Exemptions

    Tax Collected at Source (TCS): Meaning, Rates and Exemptions

    TCS or Tax Collected at Source refers to the tax payable by the seller to the government, but is collected from the buyer.

    Transactions  involving specific goods, including alcohol, timber, minerals, and motor vehicles are liable for TCS.

    Tax Collected at Source [TCS]

    TCS which stands for Tax Collected at Source refers to the tax payable by the seller to the government, but is collected from the buyer. This system primarily targets business and trading transactions and helps in tracking and managing tax liabilities effectively.

    What is Tax Collected at Source

    Sellers collect TCS or Tax Collected at Source from buyers at the time of sale. It should be noted that TCS is applicable on the sale of specific goods such as timber, scrap, mineral wood and more, excluding production or manufacturing materials. When a seller sells such goods to a buyer, they collect a certain percentage of tax from the buyer and remit it to the government.

    Let’s say Mr. Vivek sold goods worth Rs 200 on which 1% TCS is applicable. So he will collect Rs. 202 from the buyer and return Rs. 2 to the government with the stipulated period.

    TCS Applicability

    As a seller, it’s important to know if you are subject to TCS obligations. If your business comes under any of the following, you are subject to TCS

    Seller Classifications of TCS

    • Central Government
    • State Government
    • Local Authority
    • Statutory Corporation or Authority
    • Company registered under the Companies Act
    • Partnership firms
    • Co-operative Society
    • Any person or HUF whose accounts are being audited under the Income Tax Act for a specific financial year

    Buyer Classifications of TCS

    The following buyers are liable to pay the tax at source to the seller:

    • Public sector companies
    • Central Government
    • State Government
    • Embassy of High Commission
    • Consulate and other Trade Representation of a Foreign Nation
    • Clubs such as sports clubs and social clubs

    Goods Covered under Tax Collected at Source (TCS)

    TCS is applicable to many sectors. Transactions  involving specific goods, including alcohol, timber, minerals, and motor vehicles are liable for TCS. The tax percentage depends on the type of commodities and the specific regulations mentioned in the Income Tax Act.

    Type of Goods and Rate of TCS

    Here’s a look at type of goods and their TCS rate:

    Type of Goods Rate of TCS
    Liquor of alcoholic nature, made for consumption by humans 1%
    Scrap 1%
    Minerals like lignite, coal, and iron ore 1%
    Bullion that exceeds over Rs. 2 lakhs/ Jewellery that exceeds over Rs. 5 lakhs 1%
    Purchase of Motor vehicle exceeding Rs. 10 Lakhs 1%
    Purchase of Motor vehicle exceeding Rs. 10 Lakhs 2%
    Timber wood under a forest leased 2.5%
    Timber wood by any other mode than forest leased 2.5%
    A forest produce other than Tendu leaves and timber 2.5%
    Tendu Leaves 5%

    TCS Return Due Dates

    Quarter Ending Due date to file TCS return in Form 27EQ Date for Generating Form 27D
    30th June 15th July 30th July
    30th September 15th October 30th October
    31st December 15th January 30th January
    31st March 15th May 30th May

    Certificate of Tax Collected at Source

    When a tax collector files his quarterly TCS return which is  Form 27EQ, he has to provide a TCS certificate to the purchaser of the goods. Form 27D is the certificate issued for TCS returns filed. The certificate contains the following details:

    1. Name of the seller and buyer
    2. TAN of the seller i.e. who is filing the TCS return quarterly
    3. PAN of both seller and buyer
    4. Total tax collected by the seller
    5. Date of collection
    6. The rate of tax applied

    Interest Chargeable on Non-payment

    If the seller who is accountable to collect the tax and give it to the government fails to do so, he/she is liable to pay interest at 1% per month or part thereof.

    Penalty for Incorrect Filing of the TCS Return

    A penalty can be levied if the tax collector files an inaccurate TCS return under section 271H. Additionally, a minimum penalty of Rs 10,000 and a maximum penalty of up to Rs 1,00,000 can be levied if the collector files a wrong TCS return.

    TCS Exemptions

    When the eligible goods are utilised completely for personal consumption, TCS is exempted. It is also exempted when the purchaser buys the goods for manufacturing, processing or production and not for trading.

    e-TCS

    As the name suggests, the method of filing TCS returns by electronic media is referred to as e-TCS. Government and corporate collectors are required to file TCS returns in electronic format beginning with the 2004-2005 fiscal year. Other collectors can file the TCS returns in either paper or electronic format.

    Difference Between TDS and TCS

    Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is the amount deducted from a taxpayer’s salary by another taxpayer. It is then compensated to the central government. It is tax deducted at source like salaries, rents etc. On the other hand, TCS (Tax Collected at Source) applies to the selling of specific products like scrap, wood, tendu leaves, minerals, and other similar products. It is collected by the seller from the buyer and paid to the government.

    FAQs

    TCS is mainly used for boosting society, infrastructural development, education, and many more sectors. It also helps avoid tax evasion.

    Yes, sellers have the option of filing TCS returns electronically.

    Yes. If the amount of Tax Collected at Source exceeds your tax liability, you can ask for a refund through the income return filing process.

    Inaccurate TCS returns may result in fines under Section 271H of the Income Tax Act. The fines can range from from Rs 10,000 to Rs 1,00,000.

  • XIRR in Mutual Funds: Meaning, Uses, Calculation & Benefits

    XIRR in Mutual Funds: Meaning, Uses, Calculation & Benefits

    XIRR tells you the growth of your mutual fund investments and takes into account all the irregular inflows and outflows

    XIRR is a more realistic and accurate measure than absolute returns

    Let’s say you have started investing in mutual funds and want to compare the returns between two funds. If you only see the absolute returns, you might not get the real picture. This is one scenario in which XIRR, which stands for Extended Internal Rate of Return, comes to the rescue.

    XIRR in Mutual Funds

    In mutual funds, when one choses the SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) option, the investments made are spread over different time periods. Also, many investors choose to withdraw some amount which is known as partial withdrawal. Even when it comes to lumpsum investments, the inflows and outflows can be spread across different dates. To measure the returns, XIRR is used.

    What is XIRR?

    XIRR tells you the growth of your mutual fund investments and takes into account all the irregular inflows and outflows. Let’s understand this with the help of a following example:

    January 1, 2024: Shilpa starts investing in ABC mutual fund with an initial investment of Rs 10,000.

    June 1, 2024: She has some extra funds and invests Rs 10,000 more.

    January 1, 2025: The total amount invested is Rs 20,000 (10,000 + 10,000). The value of her portfolio is now Rs 25,000. She decides to check her returns.

    Now, her absolute returns are Rs 5,000 (Portfolio value 25,000 minus Investment value 20,000). In percentage terms, her absolute returns are 25%. But since she spread her investments, it’s not really accurate. Using the XIRR tool in Excel, XIRR comes out to be 32.15%.

    Why Does it Make Sense for Mutual Fund Investments?

    XIRR is a very useful tool when it comes to mutual funds. Here are some reasons:

    1) It accounts for irregular cash flows and outflows.
    2) Helps you evaluate and compare your mutual fund schemes.
    3) It’s a more realistic and accurate measure than absolute returns.
    4) It’s useful even when you redeem units from any mutual fund scheme.

    Calculation

    XIRR can be calculated using Microsoft Excel which has an inbuilt XIRR calculation function.

    XIRR formula in excel is: = XIRR (value, dates, guess)

    Step by Step Process to Calculate in Excel

    1. Create a spreadsheet with two columns — dates and corresponding cash flows.
    2. The amount you have invested should be in negative as cash is going out. Similarly, the amount you gave redeemed should be in positive. The current value of your portfolio should also be in positive.
    3. Use the XIRR function in Excel by selecting your cash flow range and date range.
    4. The resulting percentage is your XIRR.

    Example of How to Use the Function in Excel

    Let’s take an example of Kabir making an SIP of Rs 10,000 every quarter in the year of 2024.

    His transaction dates are:

    • January 1, 2024
    • April 1, 2024
    • July 1, 2024
    • October 1, 2024
    • December 1, 2024

    His total amount invested is Rs 50,000 and let’s assume the value of his investment to be Rs 60,000 on January 1, 2025. To calculate the XIRR in excel, follow these:

    1. In column A enter the dates and in column B, enter the SIP amounts. The SIP amounts should start with minus sign.
    2. Enter the date of January 1, 2025 in column A and the amount of Rs 60,000 in column B as that is the value of the portfolio.
    3. In the box below 60,000, type in =XIRR(select the amounts in column B, then select the date in in column A,).
    4. It will look like =XIRR(B2:B7,A2:A7,)
    5. The XIRR will be displayed in point terms. You can covert it in percentage terms. It comes out to 40%.

    Can We Use CAGR Instead for Calculating Returns?

    CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is commonly used when evaluating mutual funds with regular cash flows. It is best suited when the investment pattern is constant like in lumpsum. On the other hand, XIRR is used when the inflows are irregular. It’s ideal for SIP investments and also accounts for irregular withdrawals. It is a more accurate measure of returns and is also used to compare two or more mutual fund schemes.

    Final Thoughts

    XIRR is a great tool for evaluating mutual fund returns. The biggest advantage of XIRR is that it accounts for the timing and amount of each investment and also each withdrawal to give the real picture. Investors can also compare two or more mutual fund schemes they are invested in and take corrective measures if necessary.

    FAQs

    In Excel, use =XIRR(values, dates) where values include all cash flows (investments as negatives, redemptions as positives) and dates are corresponding transaction dates.

    Yes, XIRR considers all cash flows, including partial withdrawals or redemptions.

    No. Since mutual funds are long-term investments, monitoring XIRR quarterly or bi-annually is sufficient.

    Yes. A negative XIRR means the current value of your investment is less than your total investment, indicating a loss.

    Yes. XIRR reflects portfolio value changes and thus fluctuates with market movements.

  • What is SIP – Systematic Investment Plan?

    What is SIP – Systematic Investment Plan?

    A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is a disciplined and convenient investment method offered by mutual funds, allowing individuals to invest a fixed sum of money at regular intervals—monthly or quarterly—instead of making a lump sum investment. It provides a structured way of investing, ensuring financial discipline while reducing the impact of market volatility.

    Understanding the Fundamentals of SIP

    A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is an easy method to invest either in mutual funds or the stock market. You invest a fixed amount regularly, such as monthly, which purchases funds or stock units. SIP in the share market and SIP in the stock market help manage market volatility through rupee cost averaging and grow wealth over time via compounding. Regular, disciplined investing allows small contributions to accumulate into a significant corpus, making long-term financial goals more achievable.

    Key Features of a SIP Investment Plan

    A SIP provides a straightforward method to invest regularly. It helps manage risk and build wealth over time.

    • Regular Investment: Invest a set amount every week, month, or quarter in mutual funds or the stock market.
    • Low Starting Amount: SIPs can begin with just ₹500, making them accessible for all investors.
    • Flexibility: You can alter, reduce, or stop your SIP based on shifting financial objectives.
    • Risk Reduction: Regular investments buy more units when markets are low and fewer when high, reducing the average cost per unit.
    • Compounding Benefits: Returns earn further returns over time, helping your corpus grow significantly.
    • Convenience: Automated investments via your bank account make SIPs simple, disciplined, and stress-free.

    How Does SIP Work?

    A SIP is a convenient and disciplined approach to investing money in mutual funds or shares at periodic intervals, thus helping to create wealth over the long term.

    • Regular Investment: Invest a fixed amount at set intervals in mutual funds or stocks.
    • Decide Parameters: Choose the investment amount, frequency (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly), and investment option.
    • Auto-Debit: The amount selected is auto-debited and invested on the pre-decided date.
    • Unit Allocation: Units are distributed according to the prevailing Net Asset Value (NAV), which fluctuates with market performance.
    • Compounding: Periodic investments increase with time as returns give rise to additional returns, building wealth while controlling risk.

    If you’re planning to start a SIP online, make sure you open a free demat account to seamlessly link your SIP investments and track their growth.

    How to Start a SIP?

    1. Select a mutual fund scheme based on financial goals and risk appetite.
    2. Complete the KYC verification and submit required documents.
    3. Set up the SIP amount, frequency (monthly/quarterly), and tenure.
    4. Provide bank standing instructions for auto-debit.
    5. Regularly monitor and review SIP performance.

    SIP investments can be modified or paused anytime without penalties. Investors can use SIP calculators to estimate future returns and make informed decisions.

    Let’s understand SIP with an example:

    Month Investment (₹) Price Per Unit (₹) Units Purchased
    Month 1 1,000 50 20
    Month 2 1,000 40 25
    Month 3 1,000 20 50
    Month 4 1,000 25 40
    Month 5 1,000 50 20
    Total ₹5,000 155 units

    Thus, the average cost per unit is ₹5,000 / 155 = ₹32.26 per unit, ensuring a cost-effective investment strategy.

    Benefits of SIP Investing

    1. Disciplined Investment Approach – Encourages consistent investing habits.
    2. Power of Compounding – The reinvestment of earnings leads to wealth accumulation over time.
    3. Rupee Cost Averaging – Reduces the impact of market fluctuations.
    4. Convenience – Automated deductions ensure hassle-free investing.
    5. Low Investment Requirement – Start with as little as ₹500 per month.
    6. Flexibility – Adjust the SIP amount or pause it when required.
    7. Diversification – Spread investments across multiple asset classes.
    8. Professional Fund Management – Managed by experienced fund managers.
    9. Passive Investing Option – Invest in passively managed index funds via SIP.

    Types of Mutual Fund SIPs

    1. Regular SIP – Fixed investment at regular intervals.
    2. Flexible SIP – Allows changes in investment amounts.
    3. Perpetual SIP – Continues indefinitely until manually stopped.
    4. Trigger SIP – Investments based on market conditions or set triggers.
    5. Multi SIP – Invest in multiple mutual fund schemes via a single SIP.
    6. Step-up SIP – Allows predefined periodic increases in investment amount.

    Things You Should Know Before Starting a SIP

    Before starting a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP), keep the following points in mind:

    • Set Financial Targets Clearly: Determine if the SIP is for retirement, house purchase, or child education. Specific goals enable you to select the proper funds and investment size.
    • Associate with Bank Account: Link your SIP with a bank account having an adequate balance to prevent payment defaults and ensure regular investing.
    • Investment Frequency: Opt for a frequency that works with your budget, e.g., quarterly or monthly, to stay disciplined and control liquidity.
    • Long-Term Horizon: SIPs are planned for slow but sure wealth accumulation. Bumps in the market are inevitable, so be patient.
    • Compare Funds: Review previous track record, scheme type, and risk level to choose a scheme that meets your needs.

    Tips to Select the Right Mutual Fund Scheme for SIP Investment

    Selecting the right mutual fund for your SIP is essential to achieving your financial goals and building long-term wealth. Consider the following points:

    • Define Your Goals: Make a decision about whether you want to invest for long-term goals like retirement, or short-term purposes like purchasing a bike or going on a holiday.
    • Check Past Performance: Examine how past performance has been, but remember that past returns cannot guarantee future outcomes.
    • Compare Expense Ratios: The expense ratio is the fee charged by the fund house. Lower costs can improve your net returns over time.
    • Review Consistency of Returns: Analyse fund performance over 3, 5, or 10 years to understand its stability and reliability.
    • Read Risk Labels Carefully: Check whether the fund is labelled “Low,” “Moderate,” or “High” risk before investing.
    • Check the Fund Manager and Fund House: Choose funds managed by reputable companies with a proven track record.
    • Use Reliable Platforms: Findoc makes it easier to compare funds and select the right option for your needs.

    Who Can Benefit from Investing in SIPs in the Stock Market?

    Stock market Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) are appropriate for most investors seeking disciplined, long-term wealth generation.

    • Salaried Individuals: Ideal for setting aside a fixed portion of income each month to achieve goals such as buying a house or planning for retirement.
    • Beginners: A simple, low-risk way to start investing while gradually building confidence and discipline.
    • Self-Employed Professionals: Flexible for irregular income, allowing small contributions that can grow as earnings increase.
    • Homemakers and Students: Start with just ₹500 per month, making investing accessible and easy.
    • Experienced Investors: Helps maintain consistency and steadily grow wealth over the long term.
    • Anyone with Long-Term Goals: Supports step-by-step achievement of objectives like education, property purchase, or retirement planning.

    The Power of Compounding & Early Investments

    Starting early can significantly impact wealth accumulation due to compounding. For example, investing ₹2,000 per month for 5 years at an 8% annual return can grow substantially if left invested for the long term.

    Consider this: Person A and Person B both invest ₹2,000 per month at an 8% annual return till they turn 60. However, Person A starts at the age of 25 and Person B starts at the age of 35: 

    • Person A starts investing at 25 years and holds till 60 years – final corpus grows to ₹14 lakh.
    • Person B starts at 35 years and holds till 60 years – final corpus is only ₹6 lakh.

    This demonstrates why starting early leads to greater financial growth.

    Difference Between SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) and Mutual Funds (Lump Sum Investment)

    Investors can invest in mutual funds either via a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) or by lump-sum investment. Both methods target market appreciation but vary with regard to timing, risk, and appropriateness.

    Feature SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) Lump Sum Investment
    Investment Mode Fixed amount at regular intervals One-time large investment
    Market Timing No need to time the market Risk of wrong timing
    Risk Reduces risk through cost averaging Higher risk if market falls
    Suitability Ideal for small, steady investors Suitable for large funds at once

    Common Myths About SIP

    There is a lot of confusion regarding SIP, what SIP is, and how SIP works, among investors when they initiate a SIP in the share market or a SIP in the stock market. The major myths are:

    • Stop SIPs When Returns Fall: Natural fluctuations in the short term; SIP is optimum over 10–12 years.
    • Too Risky: Rupee cost averaging lessens the effect of market fluctuation.
    • Low NAV Implies more Returns: NAV is merely the unit price, not a performance measure.
    • Only Small Investors can Have It: A stock SIP has no limit to maximum investment.
    • Amount cannot be Altered: Contributions can be increased or reduced at any time for flexibility.

    Conclusion

    SIPs provide a structured, affordable, and flexible investment route, making them ideal for long-term wealth creation. They help investors avoid emotional investing, benefit from rupee cost averaging, and leverage compounding power. Selecting the right SIP depends on individual financial goals, investment horizon, and risk tolerance. Start your SIP today for a secure financial future!

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice.

     

    Frequently Asked Questions

    No, investments made through SIPs are subject to market risks. However, if you invest with a long-term horizon, you are more likely to earn good returns over time.

    It can be discouraging to see your investment value drop in a falling market. However, you should not stop your SIP. Continuing your SIP during market downturns allows you to buy more units at lower prices, which can benefit you in the long run.

    There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. It depends on your investment style. SIP helps build discipline and is ideal for beginners or those with a steady income. If you’re an experienced investor who closely tracks the market, a lump sum investment may work better for you.

    Yes, you can stop your SIP at any time. After doing so, you can either withdraw your invested amount or let it remain invested in the fund.

    Yes, if you invest in a tax-saving mutual fund such as an ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme), you can claim deductions of up to ₹1.5 lakh under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

    Yes, returns from SIPs are taxable. The tax treatment depends on the type of mutual fund and the holding period of your investment.

  • India Has Become the World’s 4th Largest Economy by Surpassing Japan

    India Has Become the World’s 4th Largest Economy by Surpassing Japan

    India has officially ascended to the position of the world’s fourth-largest economy in 2025, surpassing Japan, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in its April 2025 World Economic Outlook. India’s nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is projected at $4.187 trillion, slightly edging out Japan’s $4.186 trillion.

    Key Drivers of India’s Economic Ascent

    1. Structural Reforms and Policy Initiatives

    Since 2014, India has implemented significant structural reforms, including the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), and the ‘Make in India’ initiative. These measures have streamlined taxation, improved the ease of doing business, and attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) .

    2. Digital Infrastructure and Financial Inclusion

    India’s emphasis on digital infrastructure, exemplified by the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has revolutionized financial transactions. The Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity has facilitated financial inclusion, bringing millions into the formal banking system.

    3. Demographic Dividend and Labor Force Participation

    With a median age of around 28 years, India boasts a young and dynamic workforce. This demographic advantage has contributed to increased productivity and consumption, fueling economic growth.

    4. Export Growth and Diversification

    India has diversified its export portfolio, with significant growth in pharmaceuticals, information technology services, and engineering goods. This diversification has enhanced India’s resilience to global economic fluctuations.

    Comparative Economic Indicators (2025)

    Country Nominal GDP (USD Trillion) Real GDP Growth Rate (%)
    United States 30.5 2.1
    China 19.2 4.8
    Germany 4.74 1.5
    India 4.19 6.2
    Japan 4.18 0.6
    Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2025

    Future Outlook

    The IMF projects that India will surpass Germany to become the third-largest economy by 2027, with a nominal GDP exceeding $5.5 trillion . Continued emphasis on infrastructure development, education, and healthcare is expected to sustain this growth trajectory.

  • BSNL, MTNL Aim to Monetise ₹1,000 Crore in Land Assets to Reduce Debt Burden

    BSNL, MTNL Aim to Monetise ₹1,000 Crore in Land Assets to Reduce Debt Burden

    In a renewed effort to improve their financial health, state-owned telecom companies Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) plan to monetise land assets worth ₹1,000 crore during FY26. This move is part of a broader revival strategy aimed at reducing debt and boosting liquidity.

    However, the timeline may face delays due to procedural hurdles at the state level.

    What This Article Covers

    • Overview of the land monetisation plan
    • BSNL and MTNL’s current financial status
    • Execution challenges and bottlenecks
    • Alignment with the government’s asset monetisation goals

    Key Highlights of the Land Monetisation Plan

    • Target Value: ₹1,000 crore
    • Execution Timeline: FY26 (by March 2026)
    • Mode: Sale or lease of commercially viable land parcels
    • Coordinating Department: Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Finance

    BSNL has identified two to three prime land parcels for sale or lease. MTNL is also expected to contribute to the total target. These properties are situated in commercially attractive zones and may draw interest from institutional investors. However, challenges like state-level approvals and title verifications could complicate execution.

    Financial Overview: BSNL and MTNL

    Both BSNL and MTNL continue to grapple with financial distress, primarily due to:

    • Declining subscriber bases
    • Legacy infrastructure
    • Fierce competition from private telecom operators

    Debt Status:

    • BSNL (as of November 2024): ₹23,297 crore
    • MTNL (as of March 31, 2025): ₹33,000 crore in total liabilities
    • MTNL Loan Defaults: ₹8,346 crore across seven public sector banks

    Despite receiving a revival package in 2019—which included sovereign guarantee bonds and a Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS)—the fiscal pressure remains high.

    In response to MTNL’s financial distress, Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan recently held a high-level meeting with heads of public sector banks to prevent these loans from turning into Non-Performing Assets (NPAs).

    Execution Challenges: Why Monetising Land Isn’t Easy

    While the ₹1,000 crore target appears modest relative to the companies’ liabilities, officials caution that achieving it will be complex. Land is a state subject, making the process dependent on state-level cooperation.

    Key hurdles include:

    • Ownership verification
    • Clear and updated land titles
    • Multiple layers of approval from state governments

    Officials suggest that actual monetisation could extend into FY27, depending on the speed of these clearances.

    Government’s Larger Asset Monetisation Push

    This move aligns with the Government of India’s broader infrastructure financing agenda through asset monetisation.

    • Budget 2025 Target: ₹10 lakh crore worth of asset monetisation between 2025 and 2030
    • Previous Target (2021): ₹6 lakh crore up to 2025
    • BSNL & MTNL’s Contribution (So Far): ₹12,984 crore via earlier monetisation efforts

    Although there have been discussions about potential privatisation, the government has reaffirmed that no such plans are currently under consideration.

    Will Monetisation Deliver Relief?

    The proposed land monetisation worth ₹1,000 crore represents a crucial step toward reducing the debt burden of BSNL and MTNL. However, the success of the initiative hinges on resolving procedural bottlenecks at the state level.

    Timely execution will be critical to converting these dormant assets into financial resources that can stabilize the balance sheets of these public sector undertakings.